Power Transistor with Trench Sinker for Contacting the Backside

ABSTRACT

A power transistor includes a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type extending over and in contact with a second semiconductor region of the first conductivity type. Gate trenches extend into the first semiconductor region. Well regions of a second conductivity type extend over the first semiconductor region and between adjacent gate trenches. A sinker trench extends through the first semiconductor region and terminates within the second semiconductor region, and is laterally spaced from an outer one of the gate trenches with no well regions abutting sidewalls of the sinker trench. Source regions of the first conductivity type extend over the well regions. A conductive material in the sinker trench makes electrical contact with the second semiconductor region along the bottom of the sinker trench and with a drain interconnect layer extending along the top of the sinker trench.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/194,060, filed Jul. 28, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/598,678, filed Aug. 3, 2004, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Also, this application relates to application Ser. No. 11/026,276 titled “Power Semiconductor Devices and Methods of Manufacture” filed Dec. 29, 2004, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates in general to semiconductor power devices and more particularly to power devices with top-side drain contact using a sinker trench. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs) which have a lateral structure with all interconnects available on the upper die surface, many power semiconductor devices have a vertical structure with the back of the die being an active electrical connection. For example, in vertical power MOSFET structures, the source and gate connections are at the top surface of the die and the drain connection is on the back side of the die. For some applications, it is desirable to make the drain connection accessible at the top side. Sinker trench structures are used for this purpose.

In a first technique, diffusion sinkers extending from the top-side of the die down to the substrate (which forms the drain contact region of the device) are used to make the drain contact available at the top surface of the die. A drawback of this technique is that the lateral diffusion during the formation of the diffusion sinkers results in consumption of a significant amount of the silicon area.

In a second technique, metal-filled via extending from the top-side of the die clear through to the backside of the die are used to bring the back-side contact to the top-side of the die. Although, this technique does not suffer from the loss of active area as in the diffusion sinker technique, it however requires formation of very deep via which adds to the complexity of the manufacturing process. Further, during conduction, the current is required to travel through long stretches of the substrate before reaching the drain contact, thus resulting in higher device on resistance Ron.

Thus, an improved technique for making a back-side contact available at the top-side is desirable.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a power transistor includes a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type extending over and in contact with a second semiconductor region of the first conductivity type. The first semiconductor region has a lower dopant concentration than the second semiconductor region. Gate trenches extend into the first semiconductor region. Each gate trench includes a gate electrode and a gate dielectric layer lining gate trench sidewalls. Well regions of a second conductivity type extend over and are in contact with the first semiconductor region. Each well region extends between and abuts every two adjacent gate trenches. A sinker trench extends through the first semiconductor region and terminates within the second semiconductor region. The sinker trench is laterally spaced from an outer one of the gate trenches, with no well regions abutting sidewalls of the sinker trench. Source regions of the first conductivity type extend over and are in contact with the well regions, the source regions flanking the gate trenches. A conductive material in the sinker trench makes electrical contact with the second semiconductor region along the bottom of the sinker trench and makes electrical contact with a drain interconnect layer extending along the top of the sinker trench.

In one embodiment, the first semiconductor region is an epitaxial layer and the second semiconductor region is a substrate. In another embodiment, one of the well regions extends between the outer one of the plurality of gate trenches and the sinker trench but does not abut the sinker trench. In another embodiment, the conductive material electrically contacts the first semiconductor region along sidewalls of the sinker trench. In yet another embodiment, the transistor includes a sinker dielectric layer lining sidewalls of the sinker trench, and the sinker dielectric layer is thicker than the gate dielectric layer.

In yet another embodiment, each gate trench includes a shield electrode below the gate electrode, and the gate and shield electrodes are insulated from one another. In still another embodiment, a spacing between the sinker trench and the outer one of the plurality of gate trenches is greater than a spacing between every two adjacent gate trenches.

A further understanding of the nature and the advantages of the invention disclosed herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a simplified cross sectional view of an exemplary vertical power device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2-4 show various top layout views of a vertical power device with one or more sinker trenches in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 5 is a top view illustrating the locations of interconnect balls in a ball-grid array package relative to a sinker trench extending along the perimeter of a die housed in the ball-grid array package, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a sinker trench terminating within the silicon substrate is filled with a highly conductive material such as doped polysilicon or metallic material. The sinker trench is laterally spaced a predetermined distance from the active region wherein gate trenches are formed. The sinker trench is wider and extends deeper than the gate trenches, and is lined with an insulator only along its sidewalls. This technique eliminates the area loss due to side diffusion of the diffusion sinker approach, and results in improved on-resistance since a more conductive material is used than diffusion. Also, this technique requires a far shallower trench than that needed in the technique where a metal-filled trench extends from the top to the bottom of the die. The on-resistance is improved since the current need not travel through the entire depth of the substrate to reach the drain contact.

FIG. 1 shows a simplified cross sectional view of a vertical trenched-gate power MOSFET structure 100 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. An n-type epitaxial layer 104 extends over an n-type substrate 102 which forms the back side drain. A sinker trench 106 extends from the top surface of epitaxial layer 104 through epitaxial layer 104 terminating within substrate 102. A dielectric layer 110 lines the sinker trench sidewalls. Dielectric layer 110 may be from any one of oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, multilayer of oxide and nitride, any known low k insulating material, and any known high k insulating material. “Oxide” as used in this disclosure means a chemical vapor deposited oxide (Si_(x)O_(y)) or a thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Sinker trench 106 is filled with a conductive material 108 such as doped polysilicon, selective epitaxial silicon (SEG), metal, or metallic compounds. Conductive material 108 is in electrical contact with substrate 102 along the bottom of sinker trench 106. Conductive material 108 thus makes the back-side drain available along the top side for interconnection. With the drain contact moved to the top surface, a back-side metal for contacting substrate 102 is no longer needed, but could be used in conjunction with the top side contact. The back side metal layer may be included for other purposes such as preventing the die from cracking and improving the heat transfer properties of the device.

Well regions 114 of p-type conductivity extend along an upper portion of epitaxial layer 104. Gate trenches 112 are laterally spaced from sinker trench 106 by a predetermined distance S1, and vertically extend from the top surface through p-type well regions 114 terminating at a predetermined depth within epitaxial layer 104. Sinker trench 106 is wider and deeper than gate trenches 112. Gate trenches 112 are lined with a dielectric layer 116. The dielectric along the bottom of gate trenches 112 may optionally be made thicker than the dielectric along the gate trench sidewalls. Each gate trench 112 includes a gate electrode 118 and a dielectric layer 120 atop gate electrode 118 to reduce the gate to drain capacitance. Source regions 122 of n-type conductivity extend along an upper portion of well regions 114. Source regions 122 overlap gate electrodes 118 along the vertical dimension. As can be seen well region 114 terminates a distance away from sinker trench 106. In one embodiment, this distance is dictated by the device blocking voltage rating. In another embodiment, well region 114 terminates at and thus abuts sinker trench 106. In this embodiment, for higher blocking voltage ratings, the thickness of the dielectric layer along sinker trench sidewalls needs to be made larger since the sinker dielectric is required to withstand a higher voltage. This may require a wider sinker trench if the conductive material 108 is required to have a minimum width for current handling purposes.

In the on state, a conduction channel from source regions 122 to epitaxial layer 104 is formed in well regions 114 along gate trench sidewalls. A current thus flows from drain terminal 124 vertically through conductive material 108 of sinker trench 106, then laterally through substrate 102, and finally vertically through epitaxial layer 104, the conduction channel in well regions 114, and source regions 122, to source terminal 126.

While the width of the gate trenches is generally kept as small as the manufacturing technology allows to maximize the packing density, a wider sinker trench is generally more desirable. A wider sinker trench is easier to fill, has lower resistance, and can more easily be extended deeper if needed. In one embodiment, sinker trench 106 and gate trenches 114 are formed at the same time. This is advantageous in that the sinker trench is self-aligned to the active region. In this embodiment, the widths of the sinker trench and the gate trenches and spacing S1 between sinker trench 106 and the active region need to be carefully selected taking into account a number of factors. First, a ratio of width Ws of sinker trench 106 to width Wg of gate trenches 112 needs to be selected so that upon completion of the trench etch step sinker trench 106 and gate trenches 112 terminate at the desired depths. Second, the width ratio as well as spacing S1 needs to be carefully selected to minimize micro-loading effect which occurs when trenches with different features are simultaneously etched. Micro-loading effect, if not addressed properly, may cause trenches with a wide opening have a wider bottom than top. This can lead to such problems as formation of pin-holes in the conductive material in the sinker trench. The micro-loading effect can also be minimized by selecting proper etch material. Third, the widths of the trenches and spacing S1 impact the device on-resistance Ron. In the article by A. Andreini, et al., titled “A New Integrated Silicon Gate Technology Combining Bipolar Linear, CMOS Logic, and DMOS Power Parts,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-33, No. 12, December, 1986, pp 2025-2030, a formula is set forth in section IV-B at page 2028 which can be used to determine the appropriate trench widths and spacing S1 for the desired Ron. Although the power device described in this article uses a diffusion sinker, the same principles relating to improving Ron can be applied in the present invention. This article is incorporated herein by reference.

The ratio of the width of the sinker trench to that of the gate trenches is also dependent on the type of conductive material used in the sinker trench. In general, a ratio of the sinker trench width to the gate trench width of less than 10:1 is desirable. In one embodiment wherein doped polysilicon is used as the conductive material, a ratio of sinker trench width to gate trench width of less than 5:1 is desirable. For example, for a gate trench width of 0.5 μm, a sinker trench width in the range of about 0.7 μm to 2.5 μm would be selected. If a metal or other highly conductive material is used in the sinker trench, a higher ratio (e.g., 3:1) is more desirable. Other than the relative width of the trenches, spacing S1 between the sinker trench and the active region also impacts the micro-loading effect. A smaller spacing generally results in reduced micro-loading effect.

In one embodiment, the depth of the gate trenches in the epitaxial layer is selected to be close to the interface between substrate 102 and epitaxial layer 104 so that a slightly wider sinker trench would reach through to contact substrate 102. In an alternate embodiment, both the gate trenches and the sinker trench terminate within substrate 102.

In another embodiment, the sinker trench and the gate trenches are formed at different times. Thought the sinker trench would not be self-aligned to the active region, spacing S1 is not a critical dimension. Advantages of forming the two trenches at different times include elimination of the micro-loading effect, and the ability to optimize each trench separately.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method of forming the power transistor shown in FIG. 1 wherein the sinker trench and gate trenches are formed simultaneously, is as follows. Epitaxial layer 104 is formed over substrate 102. Next, a masking layer is used to pattern the gate trench and sinker trench openings. Conventional plasma etch techniques are used to etch the silicon to form the sinker trench and gate trenches. An insulating layer, e.g., oxide, is then formed along sidewalls and bottom of both the gate trenches and the sinker trench. Increasing the insulating thickness or increase in the dielectric constant of the insulating material is advantageous in minimizing the area between the depletion region and sinker trench, distance S1, as some of the voltage from the depletion layer will be supported by the insulating layer thus reducing consumed silicon area by use of a sinker trench.

A nitride layer is formed over the oxide layer in all trenches. The oxide and nitride layers are then removed from the bottom of the sinker trench using conventional photolithography and anisotropic etch techniques thus leaving an oxide-nitride bi-layer along the sinker trench sidewalls. Alternatively, a combination of anisotropic and isotropic etching or isotropic etching alone can be used. The combination of anisotropic and isotropic etching can advantageously be used to respectively remove the nitride and oxide layers from lower sidewall portions of the trench sinker (e.g., those lower sidewall portions extending in the substrate or even in the epitaxial layer—this would advantageously reduce the on-resistance). The resulting thicker bi-layer of dielectric along sinker trench sidewalls is advantageously capable of withstanding higher drain voltages. The sinker trench and gate trenches are then filled with in-situ doped polysilicon. The doped polysilicon is then etched back to planarize the top of the polysilicon in the trenches with the top surface of epitaxial layer 104. Next, using a masking layer to cover the sinker trench, the polysilicon and oxide-nitride bi-layer are removed from the gate trenches. The gate trenches are then lined with a gate oxide layer and filled with gate polysilicon material. The excess gate polysilicon over the sinker trench is removed using a conventional photolithography and etch process to pattern the gate electrode. The remaining process steps for forming the insulating layer over the gate electrodes, the well regions, the source regions, the source and drain metal contact layers, as well as other steps to complete the device are carried out in accordance with conventional methods.

In an alternate method, after trenches are formed, a thick oxide layer (as mentioned above, to reduce the spacing of the sinker trench to the well region) is formed along the sidewalls and bottom of the gate and sinker trenches. The thick oxide layer is then removed from the bottom of the sinker trenches using conventional photolithography and anisotropic etch techniques thus leaving the sidewalls of the sinker trench lined with the thick oxide while the gate trenches are protected. Alternatively, a combination of anisotropic and isotropic etching can be used to also remove the thick oxide from lower portions of the trench sinker sidewalls. The oxide layer may act as a sacrificial insulating layer for the gate trenches to improve the gate oxide integrity. The sinker trench and gate trenches are then filled with in-situ doped polysilicon. The doped polysilicon is then etched back to planarize the top of the polysilicon in the trenches with the top surface of epitaxial layer 104. Next, using a masking layer to cover the sinker trench, the polysilicon and insulating layer are removed from the gate trenches. The gate trenches are then lined with a gate insulating layer and filled with gate polysilicon material. The excess gate polysilicon over the sinker trenches is removed using a conventional photolithography and etch process to pattern the gate electrode. The remaining process steps for forming the insulating layer over the gate electrodes, the well regions, the source regions, the source and drain metal contact layers, as well as other steps to complete the device are carried out in accordance with conventional methods.

In another method, once trenches are formed, an insulating layer, e.g., gate oxide, is formed (grown or deposited) along the sidewalls and bottom of the gate and sinker trenches. The gate oxide layer is then removed from the bottom of the sinker trenches using conventional photolithography and anisotropic etch techniques thus leaving an oxide layer lining the sidewalls of the sinker trench while the gate trenches are protected. Alternatively, a combination of anisotropic and isotropic etching or isotropic etching alone can be used. The combination of anisotropic and isotropic etching can advantageously be used to remove the gate oxide layer from lower sidewall portions of the trench sinker (e.g., those lower sidewall portions extending in the substrate or even in the epitaxial layer—this would advantageously reduce the on-resistance). The sinker trench and gate trenches are then filled with in-situ doped polysilicon. The doped polysilicon is then patterned using conventional photolithography techniques and etched to form both the sinker (drain) and gate electrodes. The remaining process steps for forming the insulating layer over the gate electrodes, the well regions, the source regions, the source and drain metal contact layers, as well as other steps to complete the device are carried out in accordance with conventional methods.

In yet another method, the sinker trench and gate trenches are formed independently by using separate masking steps. For example, using a first set of masks and processing steps the gate trenches are defined and etched, lined with gate oxide, and filled with polysilicon. Using a second set of masks and processing steps the sinker trench is defined and etched, lined with dielectric layer along its sidewalls, and filled with a conductive material. The order in which the sinker trench and gate trenches are formed may be reversed.

FIG. 2 shows a simplified top layout view of the power device with sinker trench in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The FIG. 2 layout view depicts a stripe-shaped cell configuration. Stripe-shaped gate trenches 212 a extend vertically and terminate in horizontally-extending gate trenches 212 b. As shown, the three groups of striped gate trenches are surrounded by a contiguous sinker trench 206. In an alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 3, sinker trenches 306 are disposed between groups of gate trenches (only two of which are shown) and are repeated at such frequency and spacing as dictated by the desired Ron. In one variation of this embodiment, to achieve the same Ron as the back-side drain contact approach, the spacing between adjacent sinker trenches needs to be two times the thickness of the wafer. For example, for a 4 mils thick wafer, the sinker trenches may be spaced from one another by approximately 8 mils. For even a lower Ron, the sinker trenches may be placed closer together. In yet another embodiment shown in FIG. 4, striped gate trenches 412 extend horizontally, and vertically extending sinker trenches 406 separate the different groups of gate trenches. Sinker trenches 406 are interconnected by a metal interconnect 432. Metal interconnect is shown as being enlarged along the right side of the figure forming a drain pad for bond-wire connection. Also a gate pad 430 is shown in a cut-out corner of one of the groups of gate trenches.

FIG. 5 shows a top view of a die housing the power device with sinker trenches in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The small circles depict the balls of a ball grid array package. The outer perimeter region 506 includes the sinker trench, and the balls in outer periphery region 506 thus provide the drain connection. Central region 507 represents the active region and the balls inside this region provide the source connection. The small square region 530 at the bottom left corner of central region 508 represents the gate pad and the ball inside region 530 provides the gate connection.

As is readily apparent, the sinker trench structure 106 in FIG. 1 may be used to bring the backside connection of any power device to the top surface and as such is not limited to use with vertical trenched-gate power MOSFETs. Same or similar sinker trench structures may be similarly integrated with such other vertically conducting power devices as planar gate MOSFETs (i.e., MOSFETs with the gate and its underlying channel region extending over and parallel to the silicon surface), and power diodes to make the anode or cathode contact regions available along the top for interconnection. Many other variations and alternatives are possible, including use of shielded gate and dual gate structures in different combinations with various charge balancing techniques many of which are described in detail in the above-referenced commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 11/026,276 titled “Power Semiconductor Devices and Methods of Manufacture” filed Dec. 29, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Also, although FIGS. 2-5 show layout implementations based on the open cell configuration, the invention is not limited as such. The structure shown in FIG. 1 can also be implemented in any one of a number of well known closed cell configurations. Lastly, the dimensions in the cross section view in FIG. 1 and the top layout views in FIGS. 2-5 are not to scale and are merely illustrative. 

1. A trench power transistor comprising: a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type extending over and in contact with a second semiconductor region of the first conductivity type, the first semiconductor region having a lower dopant concentration than the second semiconductor region; a plurality of gate trenches extending into the first semiconductor region, each gate trench including a gate electrode and a gate dielectric layer lining sidewalls of each gate trench; well regions of a second conductivity type over and in contact with the first semiconductor region, each well region extending between and abutting every two adjacent gate trenches; a sinker trench extending through the first semiconductor region and terminating within the second semiconductor region, the sinker trench being laterally spaced from an outer one of the plurality of gate trenches, with no well regions abutting sidewalls of the sinker trench; source regions of the first conductivity type over and in contact with the well regions, the source regions flanking the gate trenches; and a conductive material in the sinker trench making electrical contact with the second semiconductor region along the bottom of the sinker trench and making electrical contact with a drain interconnect layer extending along the top of the sinker trench.
 2. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the plurality of gate trenches terminate within the first semiconductor region.
 3. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the plurality of gate trenches extend into and terminate within the second semiconductor region.
 4. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the first semiconductor region is an epitaxial layer and the second semiconductor region is a substrate.
 5. The transistor of claim 1 wherein one of the well regions extends between the outer one of the plurality of gate trenches and the sinker trench but does not abut the sinker trench.
 6. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the conductive material electrically contacts the first semiconductor region along sidewalls of the sinker trench.
 7. The transistor of claim 1 further comprising a sinker dielectric layer lining sidewalls of the sinker trench.
 8. The transistor of claim 7 wherein the sinker dielectric layer includes one of oxide, silicon nitride, multilayer of oxide and nitride, silicon oxynitride, a low k insulating material or a high k insulating material.
 9. The transistor of claim 7 wherein the sinker dielectric layer is thicker than the gate dielectric layer.
 10. The transistor of claim 7 wherein the sinker dielectric layer and the gate dielectric layer have the same thickness.
 11. The transistor of claim 1 wherein each gate trench further includes a thick bottom dielectric below the gate electrode, the thick bottom dielectric having a greater thickness than that of the gate dielectric.
 12. The transistor of claim 1 wherein each gate trench includes a shield electrode below the gate electrode, the gate and shield electrodes being insulated from one another.
 13. The transistor of claim 1 wherein a spacing between the sinker trench and the outer one of the plurality of gate trenches is greater than a spacing between every two adjacent gate trenches.
 14. The transistor of claim 1 further comprising a source interconnect layer contacting the source regions, and a gate interconnect layer contacting the gate electrode in each gate trench, wherein all of the drain, source and gate interconnect layers extend over the first semiconductor region.
 15. The transistor of claim 14 further comprising a back-side metal layer extending along a bottom surface of the second semiconductor region.
 16. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the sinker trench has a width greater a width of each gate trench.
 17. The transistor of claim 1 wherein a ratio of a width of the sinker trench to a width of each gate trench is less than ten to one.
 18. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the conductive material comprises polysilicon and a ratio of a width of the sinker trench to a width of each gate trench is less than five to one.
 19. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the conductive material comprises a metal and a ratio of a width of the sinker trench to a width of each gate trench is less than three to one.
 20. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the conductive material includes one or more of doped polysilicon, selective epitaxial silicon (SEG), metal, or metallic compound. 